FORTY 
YEARS  RECORD 


—  OF  — 


THE  WEATHER 


—  AT  — 


CLEVELAND,  OHIO. 


BY  G.  A.  HYDE, 

VOLUNTEER  OBSERVER  FOR  U.  S.  WEATHER  BUREAU. 


CI.EVKI.AND,  OHIO: 

H1L.KS  &  COGOSHAI.L,  PIONTERS. 

1896. 


THE  WEATHER 


—  AT 


CLEVELAND,  OHIO. 


WHAT    IT    HAS    BEEN    FOR    FORTY    YEARS. 


SUMMARY  OF 

METEOROLOGICAL  OBSERVATIONS. 


TEMPERATURE,  RAIN-FALL,  SNOW-FALL, 
SKY  AND  WIND. 


BY  G.  A.  HYDE, 
VOLUNTEER  OBSERVER  FOR  U.  S.  WEATHER  BUREAU. 


April  1,  1896. 


The  years,  with  us,  roll  on  apace, 
And  we  make  record  of  the  race; 

Of  Wind  and  Sky;  of  Rain  and  Snow; 

Of  Heat  and  Cold;  which  all  would  know. 


FORTY  YEARS  of  continued  and  systematic  observations  on 
the  weather  at  Cleveland  ought  to  contain  a  large  amount 
of  information  of  interest  to  the  general  resident  public. 
To  gratify  those  who  are  interested  in  the  subject  of  this  paper, 
the  following  data  is  presented . 

This  data  should  be  kept  for  comparison  with  the  weather 
in  the  future,  but  there  are  several  items  to  which  the  reader's 
attention  is  drawn  for  present  consideration. 

Tempirature,  high  and  low,  weekly,  monthly  and  yearly 
averages.  Yearly  average  in  decades,  showing  that  there  are  no 
uniform  deviations  from_  normal.  Beginning  of  the  summer 
and  winter  in  decades  showing  that  there  is  no  gradual  change 
of  seasons,  as  many  suppose.  The  time  of  the  beginning  and 
ending  of  the  seasons  in  this  locality,  which  has  never  been 
determined  before. 

Rain  Fall.  Attention  is  called  to  the  unusual  quantities 
per  hour,  day,  week,  month  and  year,  and  the  period  of  no  rain. 

Snow  Fall.  The  exceptional  fall  for  one  day;  the 
amounts  per  month  and  year  and  the  marked  difference  in  the 
totals  for  the  months  and  seasons. 


Sky.  The  months  and  seasons  that  have  the  greatest  and 
least  cloudiness. 

Winds.  1  he  prevailing  directions  at  7  a.  m.,  2  p.  m., 
and  9  p.  m.,  for  month,  season  and  year. 

Observations  from  which  this  summary  was  prepared  were 
commenced  May  1st,  1855,  and  continued  until  the  present 
time. 

The  hours  of  observation  have  been  7  a.  m.,  2  p.  m.,  and 
9  p.  m.,  sun  time. 

Temperatures  were  taken  with  Fahrenheit  thermometer. 

A  part  of  the  maximum  and  minimum  temperatures  were 
furnished  through  the  courtesy  of  Major  W.  B.  Stockman,  of 
the  U.  S.  Weather  Bureau,  of  this  city. 

TEMPERATURES. 

The  highest  observed  was  99  degrees,  August  12th,  1881. 

The  highest  average  for  one  day  was  87.8  degrees,  July 
17th,  1887. 

The  highest  average  for  two  consecutive  days  was  85.9 
degrees,  beginning  July  16th,  1887. 

The  highest  average  for  three  consecutive  days  was  84 
degrees,  beginning  July  15th,  1887. 

The  highest  average  for  four  consecutive  days  was  83.6 
degrees,  beginning  June  24th,  1858. 

The  highest  average  for  five  consecutive  days  was  83.3 
degrees,  beginning  June  23d,  1858. 

The  highest  average  for  six  consecutive  days  was  82.6 
degrees,  beginning  June  22d,  1858. 

The  highest  average  for  seven  consecutive  days  was  80.8 
degrees,  beginning  June  22d,  1858. 

The  highest  average  for  fourteen  consecutive  days  was  80.1 
degrees,  beginning  June  20th,  1858. 


2O65652 


The  highest  average  for  one  month  was  76.7  degrees, 
beginning  July  1st,  1868. 

The  highest  average  for  two  months  was  74.7  degrees, 
beginning  June  16th,  1858. 

The  highest  average  for  three  months  was  72.7  degrees, 
beginning  June  13th,  1868. 

The  highest  average  for  one  year  was  51.2  degrees,  in  1894. 

The  lowest  observed  was  20  degrees  below  zero,  Jauuary 
29th,  1873. 

The  lowest  average  for  one  day  was  10  degrees  below  zero, 
January  29th,  1873. 

The  lowest  average  for  two  consecutive  days  was  7.2 
degrees  below  zero,  January  8th  and  9th,  1856. 

The  lowest  average  for  three  consecutive  days  was  4.1 
degrees  below  zero,  beginning  January  8th,  1856. 

The  lowest  average  for  four  consecutive  days  was  0.8 
degrees  below  zero,  beginning  January  8th,  1856. 

The  lowest  average  for  five  consecutive  days  was  1.9 
degrees  above  zero,  beginning  December  28th,  1879. 

The  lowest  average  for  six  consecutive  days  was  4.8 
degrees  a-bove  zero,  beginning  December  27th,  1879. 

The  lowest  average  for  seven  consecutive  days  was  5.7 
degrees  above  zero,  beginning  January  18th,  1856. 

The  lowest  average  for  fourteen  consecutive  days  was  7.3 
degrees  above  zero,  beginning  February  4th,  1875. 

The  lowest  average  for  one  month  was  13.8  degrees  above 
zero,  beginning  December  30th,  1856. 

The  lowest  average  for  two  months  was  15.9  degrees  above 
zero,  beginning  December  24th,  1855. 

The  lowest  average  for  three  months  was  18.9  degrees  above 
zero,  beginning  December  23d,  1855. 

The  lowest  average  for  one  year  was  45.70  degrees,  in  1875. 


-6— 


WEEKLY  AVERAGES. 


No.  of  Week 
of  the  Year. 

MAXIMUM. 

MINIMUM. 

40  Years' 
Temp. 

Temp. 

Year. 

Temp. 

Year. 

1 

43.90° 

1890 

9.60° 

1884 

27.19° 

2 

42.16 

1890 

9.71 

1893 

25.73 

3 

41.07 

1894 

9.26 

1857 

26.97 

4 

44.64 

1864 

13.07 

1857 

26.94 

5 

44.01 

1890 

13.31 

1856 

26.22 

6 

39.99 

1887 

3.97 

1895 

27.53 

7 

43.16 

1867 

6.96 

1875 

29.30 

8 

39.81 

1857 

12.50 

1885 

30.05 

9 

50.43 

1861 

17.02 

1884 

31.48 

10 

53.26 

1878 

16.90 

1856 

33.29 

11 

49.54 

1868 

21.03 

1894 

34.05 

12 

46.56 

1865 

15.47 

1885 

35.22 

13 

46.27 

1875 

2455 

1856 

38.34 

14 

55.90 

1892 

28.19 

1881 

42.50 

15 

56.23 

1869 

33.44 

1885 

45.92 

16 

64.34 

1866 

28.36 

1875 

•48.32 

17 

61.10 

1886 

37.33 

1874 

50.10 

18 

68.57 

1895 

42.86 

1890 

52.64 

19 

67.60 

1889 

48.17 

1885 

56.61 

20 

70.19 

1877 

48.60 

1888 

57.45 

21 

71.11 

1880 

52.81 

1883 

61.21 

22 

74.60 

1871 

52.80 

1889 

63.15 

23 

73.96 

1865 

57.33 

1869 

64.78 

24 

76.34 

1876 

60.40 

1855 

67.23 

25 

78.10 

1858 

62.14 

1881 

69.35 

26 

81.21 

1858 

64.54 

1892 

71.45 

27 

77.79 

1858 

64.19 

1892 

72.24 

28 

78.39 

1859 

65.84 

1865 

72.26 

29 

79.00 

1868 

64.80 

1871 

71.56 

30 

78.43 

1892 

65.87 

1871 

72.02 

31 

79.70 

1861 

66.76 

1891 

71.59 

32 

80.36 

1862 

63.19 

1884 

71.40 

33 

74.94 

1864 

63.83 

1879 

69.16 

34 

74.94 

1872 

59.79 

1866 

68.58 

35 

74.04 

1880 

59.06 

1885 

66.68 

WEEKLY  AVERAGES. 

(CONTINUED  ) 


No.  of  Week 
of  the  Year. 

MAXIMUM. 

MINIMUM. 

40  Years' 
Temp. 

Temp. 

Year. 

Temp. 

Year. 

36 

77.74° 

1881 

56.46° 

1883 

67.00° 

37 

74.96 

1865 

58.47 

1879 

64.62 

38 

70.37 

1891 

52.26 

1875 

61.46 

39 

74.00 

1881 

51.43 

1893 

58.85 

40 

69.36 

1862 

47.81 

1876 

56.80 

41 

68.01 

1879 

42.87 

1876 

53.54 

42 

63.96 

1867 

42.17 

1869 

51.61 

43 

58.99 

1874- 

35.76 

1869 

47.93 

44 

56.27 

1860 

38.97 

1878 

46.08 

45 

52.39 

1874 

32.40 

1869 

44.20 

46 

49.41 

1879 

28.71 

1880 

40.20 

47 

50.29 

1883 

16.50 

1880 

36.11 

48 

51.40 

1864 

24.53 

1872 

34.80 

49 

45.66 

1879 

22.21 

1882 

33.67 

50 

45.99 

1862 

19.54 

1868 

32.48 

51 

48.67 

1877 

15.26 

1872 

29.58 

52 

42.86 

1875 

12.54 

1880 

29.27 

MONTHLY — MAXIMUM  AND  MINIMUM. 


MAXIMUM. 

MINIMUM. 

MONTH. 

Temp. 

Day. 

Year. 

Temp. 

Day. 

Year. 

January,    -     - 

70° 

22nd 

1874 

0-20" 

29th 

1873 

February,  -    - 

72 

16th 

1883 

0-15 

llth 

1885 

March,  -     -    - 

76 

2nd 

1861 

0-  5 

3d 

1868 

31st 

1875 

18th 

1894 

April,    -    -    - 

86 

30th 

1872 

15 

17th 

1875 

May,     -    -    - 

93 

30th 

1879 

28 

1st 

1876 

June,    -    -    - 

96 

28th 

1874 

37 

6th 

1894 

July,     -    -    - 

97 

7th 

1874 

48 

9th 

1894 

August,      -     - 

99 

12th 

1881 

45 

31st 

1890 

September, 

98 

6th 

1881 

36 

26th 

1887 

October,    -    - 

88 

1st 

1877 

24 

25th 

1889 

26th 

1887 

November, 

74 

1st 

1888 

0-  4 

26th 

1857 

December, 

68 

31st 

1875 

0-14 

22d 

1872 

MONTHLY  AVERAGES. 


MONTH. 

MAXIMUM. 

MINIMUM. 

40  Years' 
Temp. 

Temp. 

Year. 

Temp. 

Year. 

January,      -     - 

40.10° 

1880 

14.73° 

1857 

26.83° 

February,     -     - 

•  37.55 

1882 

17.12 

1885 

28.73 

March,    -     -     - 

43.58 

1894 

24.94 

1856 

34.50 

April,      -     -     - 

53  HO 

1878 

37.83 

1857 

46.63 

May,       -    -    - 

65.77 

1880 

51.55 

1867 

57.92 

June,      -    -    - 

73.61 

1865 

64.24 

1867 

67.86 

July,       -     -     - 

77.70 

1868 

67.98 

1871 

71.89 

August,  -     -     - 

74.04 

1862 

65.42 

1866 

69.54 

September,  -     - 

71.65 

1881 

58.98 

1883 

6334 

October,      -    - 

58.83 

1879 

44.88 

1869 

51.93 

November,  -    - 

44.53 

1859 

31.91 

1880 

40.01 

December,   -     - 

42.17 

1*89 

20.99 

1876 

31.39 

YEARLY  AVERAGES. 


1st  DECADE. 

2nd  DECADE. 

3rd  DECADE. 

4th  DECADE. 

Year. 

Temp. 

Year. 

Temp. 

Year. 

Temp. 

Year.  |  Temp. 

1855 

48.38° 

1865 

50.82° 

1875 

45.70° 

1885 

46.59° 

1856 

46.31 

1866 

48.85 

1876 

4890 

1886 

48.66 

1857 

47.38 

1867 

49.06 

1877 

50.75 

1887 

49.42 

1858 

50.08 

1868 

47.20 

1878 

50.54 

1888 

48.22 

1859 

49.84 

1869 

48.00 

1879 

49.26 

1889 

50.01 

1860 

50.13 

1870 

49.55 

1880 

50.51 

1890 

50.74 

•1861 

51.06 

1871 

49.23 

1881 

50.73 

1891 

50.47 

1862 

51.03 

1872 

47.80 

1882 

49.75 

1892 

48.93 

1863 

51.03 

1873 

47.93 

1883 

49.59 

1893 

49.14 

1864 

50.53 

1874 

49.76 

1884 

48.88 

1894 

51.20 

Mean 

49.58 

Mean 

48.82 

Mean 

49.46 

Mean 

49.34 

Average  temperature  for  forty  years,  49.30  degrees. 


Dividing  the  year  into  two  seasons,  warm  and  cold,  of  six 
months  duration  each,  the  warm  season  begins  April  26th  and 
has  an  average  temperature  of  63.95  degrees;  and  the  cold  sea- 
son begins  October  25th,  and  has  an  average  of  34.89  degrees. 

Dividing  the  year  into  four  seasons  of  Spring,  Summer, 
Autumn  and  Winter,  Spring  begins  March  9th  and  continues  94 
days  and  has  an  average  of  48.67  degrees;  Summer  begins 
June  llth,  with  a  daily  mean  of  65.49  degrees,  and  ends  Sep- 
tember 9th,  with  a  daily  mean  of  66.38  degrees,  a  period  of  91 
days,  and  has  an  average  of  70.04  degrees;  Autumn  begins 
September  10th  and  continues  89  days  and  has  an  average  of 
49.26  degrees;  and  Winter  begins  December  8th,  with  a  daily 
mean  of  32.03  degrees,  and  ends  March  8th  with  a  daily  mean 
of  32.23  degrees,  a  period  of  91  days,  and  has  an  average  of 
28.67  degrees. 

The  highest  average  for  91  days  of  Summer  was  72.68 
degrees,  beginning  June  13, 1864,  and  the  lowest  average  for  91 
days  of  Summer  was  68.05  degrees,  beginning  June  2,  1883. 

Taking  the  average  for  40  years,  the  days  of  highest  tem- 
perature are  July  15th,  73.63  degrees;  July  16th,  73.56  degrees 
and  July  26th,  72.75  degrees;  and  the  lowest  are  February  4th, 
23.96  degrees,  February  5th,  24.32  degrees,  and  January  9th 
and  10th  each,  24.56  degrees. 

The  earliest  beginning  of  Summer  was  May  20th,  1887, 
and  had  an  average  temperature  of  71.95  degrees. 

The  latest  beginning  of  Summer  was  June  26th,  1869,  and 
had  an  average  temperature  of  69.65  degrees. 

The  longest  Summer  season,  that  had  the  average  temper- 
ature of  the  40  summers  (70.04  degrees)  occurred  in  1864,  com- 
mencing May  16th  and  ending  September  23d,  a  period  of  131 
days;  and  the  shortest  Summer  season  occurred  in  1883,  com- 
mencing July  2d  and  ending  July  29th,  a  period  of  28  days. 


-10— 


The  highest  average  for  9t  days  of  Winter  was  36.03 
degrees,  beginning  January  1st,  1890,  and  the  lowest  average 
for  91  days  was  18.90  degrees,  beginning  December  23d,  1855. 

The  earliest  beginning  of  Winter  was  November  15,  1858, 
and  had  an  average  temperature  of  31.09  degrees. 

The  latest  beginning  of  Winter  was  January  -10th,  1876, 
and  had  an  average  temperature  of  32.77  degrees. 

The  longest  Winter  season,  that  had  the  average  tempera- 
ture of  the  40  winters  (28.67  degrees)  commenced  October  22d, 
1855,  and  ended  April  13th,  1856,  a  period  of  175  days;  and 
the  shortest  Winter  season  commenced  December  30th,  1881, 
and  ended  January  llth,  1882,  a  period  of  13  days. 


The  time  of  beginning  of  Summers  and  Winters  in  decades 
and  their  average  temperatures  are  as  follows  : 


SUMMER. 

WINTER. 

DECADE. 

Mo.  and  Day. 

Degree. 

Mo.  and  Day. 

Degree. 

First,  -     -     - 

June  18th, 

70.83 

Dec.  8th, 

29.14 

Second,   -     - 

June    5th, 

70.30 

Dec.  8th, 

27.36 

Third,      -    - 

June  llth, 

69.84 

Dec.  8th, 

29.78 

Fourth,    -     - 

June  10th, 

69.54 

Dec.  8th, 

29.92 

Average,  -    - 

June  llth, 

70.04 

Dec.  8th, 

28.67 

1  j 


— (INCLUDING  MELTED  SNOW.) 

The  most  rapid  rain-fall  in  forty  years  was  0.85  inch,  and 
fell  in  10  minutes  June  3d,  1891,  being  at  the  rate  of  5.10 
inches  per  hour. 

The  greatest  fall  within  one  hour  occurred  August  15th, 
1887,  being  1.53  inches  in  51  minutes,  the  most  of  which  fell 
in  40  minutes. 

The  greatest  fall  in  10  hours  was  3.13  inches,  September 
12th  and  13th,  1878. 

The  greatest  fall  in  one  day,  or  24  hours,  was  4.67  inches, 
September  12th  and  13th,  1878. 

The  greatest  fall  in  one  Week  was  6.49  inches,  September 
10th  to  13th,  inclusive,  1878. 

The  greatest  fall  in  one  month  was '  10.33  inches,  in 
June,  1855. 

The  least  fall  in  one  month  was  0.25  inch,  in  February, 
1877. 

The  greatest  fall  in  one  year  was  49.66  inches,  in  1878. 

The  least  fall  in  one  year  was  25.28  inches,  in  1856. 

The  average  rain-fall  and  melted  snow  for  40  years  is 
38.08  inches. 

The  longest  period  in  which  less  than  0.01  inch  of  rain  fell 
was  23  days,  May  30th  and  June  21st,  inclusive,  1864. 

The  least  rain-fall  in  34  days  was  0.13  inch,  May  26th  and 
June  28th,  inclusive,  1864. 

The  least  rain-fall  in  42  days  was  0.42  inch,  July  31st  and 
September  10th,  inclusive,  1881. 

The  least  rain-fall  in  49  days  was  0.52  inch,  July  24th  and 
September  10th,  inclusive,  1881. 

The  least  rain-fall  in  55  days  was  0.79  inch,  July  23d  and 
September  15th,  inclusive,  1881. 

—12— 


WEEKLY   RAIN-FALL  AND   MELTED  SNOW. 


WEEK  OF  YEAR. 

GREATEST  FALL. 

LEA8T  FALL. 

Av.  40Yrs. 

No. 

Ending. 

Inches. 

Year. 

Inches. 

Year. 

Inches. 

1 

January  7, 

2.64 

1874 

0.02 

1866 

0.66 

2 

14, 

1.96 

1870 

0.01 

1894 

0.54 

3 

21, 

1.81 

1864 

0.02 

1856 

0.66 

4 

"    28, 

1.77 

1876 

0.00 

1892 

0.51 

5 

February  4, 

1.99 

1878 

0.03 

1866 

0.56 

1882 

6 

11, 

4.54 

1887 

0.02 

1877 

0.74 

7 

18, 

1.80 

1891 

0.00 

1875 

0.68 

8 

25, 

2.39 

1874 

0.52 

1864 

0.64 

9 

March   4, 

1.99 

1875 

0.00 

1886 

0.55 

1894 

10 

11, 

1.84 

1868 

0.02 

1858 

0.56 

11 

18, 

1.94 

1878 

o.oo 

1889 

0.59 

12 

25, 

1.53 

1859 

0.03 

1895 

0.61 

13 

April    1, 

1.98 

1877 

O.Oi) 

1893 

0.81 

14 

8, 

2.09 

1873 

0.01 

1877 

0.59 

15 

»    15, 

2.89 

1859 

0.00 

1877 

0.71 

16 

22, 

2.55 

1870 

0.00 

1886 

0.64 

1890 

17 

29, 

2.08 

•  1880 

0.00 

1888 

0.57 

1891 

1892 

18 

May    6, 

4.29 

1892 

0,00 

1859 

0.88 

19 

13, 

2.71 

18515 

0.00 

1871 

0.68 

1879 

20 

20, 

5.58 

1893 

0.00 

1885 

0.87 

21 

27, 

3.26 

1883 

0.00 

1857 

0.82 

1881 

22 

June    3, 

2.89 

1891 

0.00 

1864 

1.08 

1873 

1884 

1895 

23 

10,   5.43 

1881 

0.00 

1862 

1.10 

1864 

1867 

24 

17, 

5.14 

1857 

0.00 

1860 

0.71 

1864 

1884 

-13— 


WEEKLY  RAIN-FALL  AND   MELTED  SNOW. 

(CONTINUED  ) 


WEEK  OF  YEAR. 

GREATEST  FALL. 

No. 

Ending. 

Inches. 

Year. 

25 

June       24, 

5.15 

1866 

26 

July          1, 

3.07 

1880 

27 

8, 

2.95 

1878 

28 

15, 

3.23 

1880 

29 

22, 

4.71 

1872 

30 

29, 

3.29 

1870 

31 

August      5, 

3.15 

1875 

32 

12, 

2.43 

1855 

33 

19, 

2.61 

1879 

LEAST  FALL. 

Av.  40  Yrs. 

Inches. 

Year. 

Inches. 

0.00 

1858 

0.80 

1861 

1865 

1872 

1880 

0.00 

1871 

0.90 

1884 

1886 

1887 

0.00 

1855 

0.85 

1868 

1886 

1888 

0.00 

1859 

0.79 

1866 

1868 

0.00 

1856 

0.72 

1864 

1868 

1878 

1884 

0.00 

1859 

0.78 

1866 

1871 

1887 

0.00 

1870 

0.78 

1874 

1877 

0.00 

1864 

0.51 

1870 

1890 

1894 

0.00 

1865 

0.79 

1874 

1884 

—14- 


WEEKLY  RAIN-FALL  AND  MELTED  SNOW. 


(CONTINUED.) 


WEEK  OF  YEAR. 

GREATEST  FALL. 

LEAST  FALL. 

Av.  40  Yrs. 

No. 

Ending. 

Inches. 

Year. 

Inches. 

Year. 

Inches. 

34 

August  26, 

2.92 

1871 

0.00 

1855 

0.60 

1856 

1873 

1881 

1888 

1893 

1894 

35 

Septem.  2, 

4.27 

1877 

0.00 

1856 

0.88 

1874 

1875 

1876 

1889 

1894 

36 

9, 

3.47 

1870 

0.00 

1871 

0.89 

1886 

37 

16, 

6.49 

1878 

0.00 

1857 

1.00 

1870 

38 

23, 

3.14 

1876 

0.00 

1858 

0.76 

1867 

39 

30, 

2.66 

1884 

0.00 

1867 

0.85 

1885 

1891 

1894 

40 

October  7, 

2.26 

1870 

0.00 

1866 

0.77 

1882 

41 

»    14, 

3.25 

1893 

0.00 

1865 

0.75 

1871 

42 

21, 

2.57 

1877 

0.00 

1874 

0.64 

1889 

1894 

43 

28, 

2.91 

1878 

0.05 

1887 

0.71 

44 

Novem.  4, 

2.73 

1861 

0.00 

1887 

0.66 

45 

"   11, 

3.48 

1857 

0.00 

1865 

087 

1883 

46 

18, 

2.43 

1879 

0.00 

1865 

0.88 

—15— 


WEEKLY  RAIN-FALL  AND   MELTED  SNOW. 

(CONCLUDED  ) 


WEEK  OF  YEAR. 

GREATEST  FALL. 

LEAST  FALL. 

Av.  40  Yrs. 

No.            Ending. 

Inches. 

Year. 

Inches. 

Year. 

Inches. 

47 

Novem.  25. 

1.67 

1862 

0.02 

1882 

0.66 

48    Decem.     2, 

2.04 

1869 

0.06 

1871 

0.72 

49 

9, 

2.28 

1878 

0.05 

1881 

0.64 

50 

16, 

3.03 

1873 

0.01 

1871 

0.66 

51 

23, 

1.93 

1881 

0.00 

1894 

0.60 

52 

«        31, 

1.96 

1862 

0.06        1860 

0.63 

MONTHLY  RAIN-FALL  AND  MELTED  SNOW. 


\rnvTvr 

GREATEST  FALL. 

LEAST  FALL. 

jML\J  *\  -L  rl« 

Inches. 

Year. 

Inches. 

Year. 

January,      -    - 

6.15 

1870 

0.99 

1872 

February,     -     - 

7.54 

1887 

0.25 

1877 

March,    -    -     - 

5.89 

1877 

0.62 

1856 

April,      -     -     - 

5.80 

1860 

0.98 

1863 

May,       -     -     - 

8.72 

1892 

0.75 

1877 

June,       -     -     - 

10.33 

1855 

0.34 

1864 

July,       -     -     - 

10.15 

1870 

0.45 

1868 

August,  -     -     - 

7.83 

1871 

0.28 

1881 

September,  -     - 

9.25 

1878 

1.03 

1871 

October,      -     - 

6.74 

1890 

0.74 

1886 

November,  -     - 

5.39 

1857 

0.86 

1865 

December,   -     - 

5.09 

1873 

1.43 

1861 

Year,       -     -    - 

49.66 

1878 

25.28 

1856 

Av.  40  Yrs. 
Inches. 


2.54 
2.63 
2.84 
2.72 
3.84 
4.01 
3.52 
3.09 
3.79 
3.05 
3.28 
2.75 

3S.08 


SNOW-FALL. 

The  most  remarkable  snow-storm  noted  in  this  record  of 
40  years,  occurred  January  31st,  1878,  between  the  hours  of 
4  a.  m.  and  9  p.  m.,  in  which  time  there  fell  22  inches  of  snow, 
18  inches  of  which  fell  between  8  a.  m.  and  4  p.  m. — 8  hours — 
and  4  inches  in  twenty  minutes.  This  snow  melted  produced 
1.98  inches  of  water. 


—16— 


Of  ordinary  snow,  about  10  inches  will  make  one  inch 
of  water. 

December  16th,  1882,  there  fell  2.5  inches  of  snow,  which 
made  0.07  inch  of  water,  or  at  the  rate,  37  inches  of  snow  to 
make  one  inch  of  water. 

Of  the  first  snow-fall  of  the  season,  the  earliest  occurred 
September  30th,  1888,  and  the  latest  November  29th,  1865. 

Of  the  last  snow-fall  of  the  season,  the  latest  occurred  May 
9th,  1885,  and  the  earliest,  March  24th,  1878. 

The  greatest  total  snow-fall  for  the  season  occurred  during 
the  winter  of  1880-'81,  showing  depths  for  months  as  follows  : 

November,  1880,  14.4  inches. 

December,  1880,  14.6 

January,      1881,  20.9 

February,    1881,  24.4 

March,        1881,  23.2 

April,  1881,  4.3 

Total  for  the  season,  -      101.8  inches. 

The  least  total  snow-fall  for  the  season  occurred  during 
the  winter  of  1865-'6,  showing  depths  per  months  as  follows  : 

November,  1865,  0.1  inch. 

December,  1865,  2.2 

January,     1866,  6.1 

February,    1866,  -  4.9 

March,        1866,  9.2 

April,          1866,  0.1 

Total  for  the  season,      -        -        22.6  inches. 


-17- 


The  snow-fall  per  month  has  been  as  follows : 


MONTH. 

GKEATEST. 

LEAST. 

40  Years' 
Average. 

Inches. 

Year. 

Inches. 

Year. 

September, 

0.2 

1888 

none 

40  yrs. 

trace 

October,    -    - 

5.6 

1878 

none 

22  yrs. 

0.8 

November, 

18.3 

1874 

none 

1855 

7.3 

December, 

36.4 

1886 

0.3 

1889 

10.3 

January,    -     - 

31.7 

1878 

1.7 

1858 

12.8 

February,  -     - 

24.4 

1881 

0.5 

1877 

10.5 

March,       -    - 

24.0 

1877 

1.1 

1871 

9.5 

April,    -    -     - 

16.8 

1857 

none 

8  yrs. 

3.5 

May,     -    -    - 

1.4 

1875 

none 

35  yrs. 

0.1 

Season,    - 

54.8 

—18— 


CLOUDINESS  OF  THE  SKY. 

In  the  following  statement  the  varied  average  cloudiness 
of  the  sky  is  illustrated  by  a  ratio,  in  which  0.0  stands  for  a 
clear  sky,  and  10.0  for  the  sky  entirely  obscured  by  clouds. 

Cloudiness  for  month,  season  and  year : 


M  n\TT17 

MAXIMUM. 

MINIMUM. 

Average 

1*1  '  J  iM  111. 

Ratio. 

Year. 

Ratio. 

Year. 

Ratio. 

January,    -     - 

8.8 

1871 

6.2 

1857 

7.6 

1891 

1864 

1885 

February,   -     - 

8.5 

1884 

5.4 

1877 

7.2 

March,       -    - 

8.0 

1870 

5.0 

1860 

6.8 

1876 

April,    -     -     - 

7.3 

1873 

4.3 

1877 

6.0 

May,     -     -     - 

7.3 

1892 

4.2 

1880 

5.4 

June,     -     -     - 

7.1 

1869 

3.5 

1864 

5.0 

July,     -     -     - 

6.7 

1869 

3.3 

1890 

4.6 

1892 

1894 

August,      -     - 

5.6 

1875 

3.2 

1889 

4.5 

1879 

1886 

September, 

7.5 

1876 

33 

1891 

5.1 

1892 

October,     -     - 

7.6 

1881 

4.1 

1871 

6.2 

1890 

November, 

9.4 

1858 

6.1 

1893 

7.6 

December, 

9.3 

1879 

5.5 

1891 

7.9 

Spring,       -     - 

7.0 

1869 

5.3 

1877 

6.1 

Slimmer,    -    - 

6.3 

1869 

3.6 

1893 

4.7 

Autumn,     -     - 

7.6 

1876 

5.1 

1893 

6.3 

Winter,      -     - 

8.3 

1869-70 

6.4 

1891-2 

7.6 

1892-3 

Year,     -     -     - 

6.9 

1869 

5.6 

1856 

6.2 

— 19— 


In  the  following  table  is  illustrated  the  average  cloudiness 
of  the  sky  at  7  a.  m.,  2  p.  m.  and  9  p.  m.,  during  the  different 
months  of  the  year  and  for  the  year  • 


MONTH. 

7  A.  M. 

2  P.  M. 

9  P.  M. 

January,    -    - 

8.1 

7.7 

7.0 

February,   -    - 

7.7 

7.3 

6.6 

March,       -    - 

7.2 

6.9 

6.4 

April,    -     -    - 

6.4 

6.1 

5.4 

May,     -     -     - 

5.6 

5.6 

4.7 

June,    -     -    - 

5.5 

5.2 

4.3 

July,     -     - 

4.9 

4.9 

4.0 

August,      -     - 

4.9 

4.9 

3.6 

September, 

5.5 

5.5 

4.4 

October,    -    - 

6.6 

6.5 

5.6 

November, 

7.9 

7.7 

7.0 

December, 

8.5 

8.0 

7.4 

Year,     - 

6.6 

6.4 

5.5 

—20— 


WINDS. 

In  the  following  table  the  amount  or  proportion  of  wind  direc- 
tions are  represented  in  lOOths.     Mean  for  40  years : 


£ 

t^ 

<N 

rH 

«n 

Oi 

o 

rH 

O 

o 

rH 

<N 

- 

— 

o 

co 

— 

rH 

£ 

X 

* 

rH 

^ 

<M 

Oi 

^ 

Oi 

oo 

rH 

•* 

^ 

Oi 

Oi 

Oi 

OS 

^ 

i 

Oi 

oo 

00 

so 

i—  i 

0 

00 

O 

Oi 

<M 

rH 

rH 

CO 

CO 
rH 

£ 

rH 

to 

(M 

? 

CO 

Oi 

M 

<M 

<M 

(N 

rH 
CO 

rH 
CO 

0 
CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

co 

OO 

oo 

<M 

CO 
<M 

& 

£ 

k 

ta 

iH 

<N 

0 

rH 

(M 

Oi 

CO 

rH 

10 

<M 

JH 

CO 

(M 

0 

rH 

rH 

CM 

EH 

^ 

CO 

co 

co 

CO 

CO 

CO 

co 

* 

co 

co 

co 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

co 

PH 

— 

00 

CO 

iO 

i—  1 

rH 

T-H 

rH 

o 

oo 

iO 

oo 

iO 

t- 

OO 

b- 

o 

£ 

O 

2 

£ 

CO 

iO 

£ 

to 

to 

<* 

- 

f 

o 

^ 

tO 

00 

CO 

rH 

£ 

2 

t- 

iO 

Oi 

^ 

•<* 

10 

* 

t~ 

O3 

0 

rH 

Oi 

Oi 

CO 

rH 
rH 

Oi 

00 

£ 

oo 

co 

rH 

o 

rH 

o 

rH 

^ 

•> 

00 

00 

IM 

i—  1 

to 

rH 

^ 

o 

00 
rH 

o 

co 

i—  i 

£ 

t. 

t. 

•o 

fc. 

O 

t^ 

to 

^ 

Oi 

O 

.0 

rH 

10 

to 

0 

T)H 

0 

£ 

* 

CO 

« 

to 

co 
co 

cS 

Oi 

co 

^ 

iO 

^ 

CO 

co 

Oi 

co 

5S 

co 

0 

co 

Oi 
(M 

rH 
CO 

0 
CO 

iO 

co 

£5 

rH 

EH 

SN 

•*# 

co 

co 

to 

CO 

t> 

10 

|> 

co 

rH 

^ 

"•* 

Oi 

r-i 

o 

co 

* 

PH 

to 

10 

iO 

iO 

z 

^ 

^ 

5 

iO 

» 

+ 

<* 

HH 

* 

J 

3 

« 

En1 

tq 

<N 

00 

to 

iO 

Oi 

oo 

oo 

Oi 

oo 

to 

MH 

CO 

iO 

t^ 

Oi 

^ 

Oi 

r 

jj^ 

T-H 

T—  1 

rH 

H 

a 

OS 

0 

rH 

rH 

O 

T-H 

oo 

0 

rH 

oo 

Oi 

^ 

01 

CO 

^ 

Th 

t- 

to 

to 

oo 

O 

pt 

rH 

Oi 

Oi 

o 

30 

(M 

H 

1- 

CO 

•* 

to 

(M 

<^ 

Tt* 

co 

fr. 

O 

K 

to 

CO 

>o 

CS 

Oi 

(M 

iO 

t. 

"O 

N 

CO 

co 

CO 

t. 

H 

1-1 

O 

£j 

Oi 

to 

t^ 

b- 

Oi 

t» 

to 

OO 

00 

CO 

OO 

co 

00 

to 

co 

>o 

r* 

rH 

rH 

a 

PH' 

CO 
CO 

W 

co 

rH 

rH 
rH 

o 

rH 

rH 

rH 

0 

rH 

co 

CO 

Oi 

CO 

Oi 

co 

CO 
rH 

S 

(M 

00 

o 

(M 

co 

rH 

00 

o 

'M 

OO 

«<l 

Oi 

IO 
rH 

CO 

H 

CO 

rH 

EH 

<M 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

<M 

SX) 

co 

<N 

CO 

co 

<N 

CO 

(M 

E 

co 

T* 

rH 

Oi 

OO 

to 

OO 

£, 

co 

<M 

t^ 

(N 

CO 

00 

Oi 

00 

Th 

•J 

Oi 

to 

M 

co 

0 

-N 

"5 

Oi 

10 

to 

to 

rH 

OO 

" 

rH 

rH 

5N 

rH 

<N 

co 

co 

co 

5<i 

rH 

rH 

rH 

£ 

rH 

rH 

Oi 

rH 

to 

US 

CO 

to 

t- 

OI 

I—i 

rH 

OS 

o 

rH 

O5 

rH 

T-H 

rH 

Oi 

£ 

3 

rH 

Oi 

<N 

rH 

(M 

rH 

00 

CO 

Oi 

* 

to 

OS 

to 

CO 
rH 

•0 

rH 

CO 
rH 

Oi 

T-H 

rH 

rH 

ST 

m 

0 

<M 

rH 

IO 

10 

rH 

co 

Oi 

* 

00 

Tfl 

0 

Oi 

Th 

t. 

Tf 

* 

CO 

CQ 

co 

to 

<M 

O 

co 

to 

co 

gs 

rH 

to 

CO 

0 

•>* 

t— 

CO 

iO 

co 

co 

o 

co 

co 

OO 
CN 

oo 

(M 

§3 

"*• 

W 

co 

iO 

CO 

CO 

to 

co 

00 

to 

TtH 

t^ 

•* 

oo 

IO 

rH 

co 

rH 

iO 

iO 

+  ' 

c* 

^ 

CO 

co 

* 

CO 

IO 

^ 

co 

z 

CO 

co 

« 

CO 

co 

g 

Oi 

rH 
rH 

rH 

t- 

Oi 

t- 

00 

iO 

IO 

TH 

.0 

10 

to 

t> 

to 

00 

fc 

Oi 

O 

•* 

rH 

rH 

0 

rH 

Oi 

l- 

OS 

to 

co 

CO 

*- 

* 

to 

o 

lO 

oo 

Month. 

Season. 

i 

o 

o. 

* 

bio 
C 

O. 

9J 

c 

3 

—1 

•3 
6/3 
S 

Summer,  - 

September, 

October,  - 

November, 

Autumn,  - 

December, 

January,  - 

February,  - 

<u 

"c 

-1 

—21— 


The  following  table  shows  the  greatest  average  proportion 
of  wind  directions,  in  lOOths,  contained  in  any  quarter  of  the 
circle  in  40  years  : 


CO 

M 

* 

0   O 

<M 

CO 

CO 

(M 

oo 

,0 

•* 

"* 

•* 

-* 

>0 

iO 

iO 

35 

ic 

CO 

CO 

10 

•o 

10 

^ 

UJ 

-^ 

UJ 
2 

^ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

^ 

™ 

2 

CO 

CO 

to 

CO 

CO 

CO 

•* 

CO 

•^ 

" 

a 

S 

CO 

Z 

Z 

CO 

co 

co 

to 

co 

to 

CO 

co 

to 

CO 

co 

CO 

co 

co 

to 

Z 

Z 

co 

UJ 
CO 

UJ 
iO 

UJ 

UJ 
CO 

UJ 

to 

UJ 
CO 

to 

UJ 

to 

to 

CO 

«, 

co 

IM 

oo 

10 

. 

iO 

(N 

(N 

^ 

a> 

JK 

oo 

"* 

"** 

CO 

SO 

g 

CO 

CO 

CO 

0 

CO 

CO 

CO 

•S 

•s 

* 

CO 

CO 

* 

(A) 

^ 

to 

CO 

CO 

co 

^ 

to 

* 

* 

* 

^ 

to 

Pn 

to 

to 

CO 

CO 

CO 

co 

co 

CO 

to 

00 

CO 

to 

CO 

CO 

^ 

CO 

CO 

to 

» 

UJ 

•y> 

UJ 

co 

CO 

UJ 

CO 

UJ 

UJ 

CO 

UJ 
CO 

UJ 

UJ 

wo 

to 

UJ 
CO 

CO 

C/) 

CO 

co 

UJ 
CO 

S 

o 

CO 

IO 
iO 

oo 

co 

0 

S 

S 

t^ 

5? 

OS 

OO 

eg 

eo 

CO 

CO 

»o 

o 

CO 

<M 

iO 

§ 

z 

UJ 

Z 

UJ 

z 

UJ 

z 

UJ 

z 

UJ 

z 

UJ 

z 

OJ 

z 

UJ 

z 

M 

£ 

£ 

^ 

* 

^ 

^ 

Z 

PH 

94 

z 

Z 

z 

Z 

z 

z 

z 

z 

z 

S 

to 

to 

to 

co 

CO 

CO 

z 

* 

Z 

Z 

Z 

z 

z 

z 

z 

z 

•n 

to 

to 

to 

co 

to 

to 

^ 

OS 

o 

CO 

0 

10 

N 

00 

OS 

•0 

•o 

00 

CO 

1—  1 

••* 

10 

iO 

'C 

CO 

CO 

*"" 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

iO 

iO 

CO 

* 

* 

to 

co 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

co 

CO 

CO 

CO 

co 

to 

* 

^ 

^ 

% 

i— 

£ 

co 

to 

CO 

CO 

to 

co 

co 

co 

to 

co 

to 

to 

^ 

^ 

^ 

to 

co 

CO 

CO 

to 

to 

UJ 

to 

UJ 

co 

UJ 

co 

UJ 

to 

UJ 

to 

UJ 

co 

co 

UJ 
CO 

UJ 

co 

UJ 
CO 

UJ 

to 

UJ 

to 

co 

LO 

co 

UJ 
CO 

3 

1 

1 

, 

, 

, 

1 

1 

, 

1 

. 

1 

1 

1 

, 

1 

1 

, 

H 
fc 
O 

S 

£ 

0. 

rt 

00 

c 

o. 
to 

c 

3 

"3 

3 
be 

3 

Summer, 

Septembel 

October, 

Novembel 

Autumn, 

December 

January, 

February, 

Winter,  - 

S 

—22— 


What  gain  we  by  this  flood  of  facts  ? 

Can  we  forecast  God's  wondrous  acts  ? 
No !  what  has  passed  we'll  see  no  more, 

But  wonder  what  is  still  in  store. 


The  foregoing  is  Meteorological  History.  History  never 
repeats  itself,  and  the  grouping  of  forces  which  produced  the 
weather  during  the  past  forty  years  will  never  be  so  repeated. 

The  statistics  contained  in  the  foregoing  paper  are  inter- 
esting in  that  they  summarize  a  forty  years'  record  of  varied 
atmospheric  conditions,  but  they  reveal  no  true  cycles  which 
will  enable  us  to  make  predictions  for  the  future. 

Of  course  the  seasons  will  come  and  go  as  they  always 
have,  and  exhibit  the  peculiar  conditions  that  belong  to  each  of 
them,  but  the  deviations  from  normal  will  likely  be  as  astonish- 
ing in  the  future  as  in  the  past,  and  as  much  at  variance  with 
the  seasonable  as  wonderful  in  extent. 


—23- 


A     000  121  087     1 


